WOMEN’S HOUSING AFFORDABILITY IN SELANGOR: AN EXPENDITURE- BASED ANALYSIS BEYOND INCOME METRIC

Authors

  • Nor Suzylah Sohaimi Department of Planning & Property, School of Government, UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
  • Nur Syakiran Akmal Ismail Department of Public Management, School of Government, UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
  • Rosfaraliza Azura Ramli Department of Planning & Property, School of Government, UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
  • Nurzalyna Mohamed Zaki School of Business and Social Sciences, ALBUKHARY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA
  • Azlina Ismail LEMBAGA PERUMAHAN & HARTANAH SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v24i44.2298

Keywords:

Housing Affordability, Women’s Housing Affordability, Residual Income, Binary Logistic Regression, Selangor

Abstract

Rising housing and living costs challenge women’s housing affordability in Selangor, yet income-based measures may conceal financial stress after essential expenditures. This study measures women’s housing affordability and identifies expenditure commitments influencing it. A cross-sectional survey of 500 adult women from diverse marital statuses, household arrangements and income groups was analysed using the Residual Income Model (RIM) and Binary Logistic Regression (BLR), while Sankey analysis visualised income allocation. Household income significantly increased affordability (Wald = 125.147, p < 0.001), whereas household, housing, transportation and education expenditures significantly reduced it. B40 households earned an average of RM3,350 and spent RM930 (27.8%) on housing, yet saved only RM110 (3.3%). This reveals “false affordability”, whereby households satisfy the conventional 30% benchmark but retain insufficient resources for essential needs. M40 and T20 households recorded higher savings rates of 18.1% and 25.0%, respectively. These findings support expenditure-sensitive assessments and targeted, gender-responsive housing interventions.

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References

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Published

2026-10-07

How to Cite

Sohaimi, N. S., Ismail, N. S. A., Ramli, R. A., Mohamed Zaki, N., & Ismail, A. (2026). WOMEN’S HOUSING AFFORDABILITY IN SELANGOR: AN EXPENDITURE- BASED ANALYSIS BEYOND INCOME METRIC. PLANNING MALAYSIA, 24(44). https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v24i44.2298

Issue

Vol. 24 (2026): PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL : Volume 24, Issue 5, 2026

Section

Article

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