MALAYSIA RESILIENT INITIATIVES: CASE STUDY OF MELAKA INTO RESILIENT CITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v16i5.407Keywords:
Climate change, urbanization, resilience city, Malaysia, MelakaAbstract
Asia experienced 70% of all the disasters in the world and there is no indication that this will decline in the future. The disaster experienced by a city is mostly caused by the combination and collision of climate change, urbanization, social-economic instability, terrorism, natural disaster, cyber-attack, poverty, and endemic outbreak. The crisis fallen upon a city has captured attention of many audiences, thus in order to conquer the issues, city needs to be resilient in order to face and overcome the situation. Melaka was declared as a world heritage site and the government are taking serious efforts in order to maintain its heritage site by making it a resilient city. This article discusses the policy related initiatives taken by Melaka in preparing the city into resilient state. This is done by using literature and document analysis method on relevant reports, policies and literatures. The output of the research would be beneficial to the state of Melaka in the context of local authorities preparing strategic directions and managing urban development in order to become a resilient city.
Downloads
References
ResilientCities (2016). Melaka’s resilience challenge. Retrieved December 28, 2016 from http://www.100resilientcities.org/cities/entry/melakas-resilience-challenge#/-_/
Asian Development Bank [ADB] (2012). Fastfacts for disaster risk management in Asian cities. Asian Development Bank, Manila.
Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre [ADPC] (2009). Regional action plan for the implementation of Kuala Lumpur declaration on DRR in Asia (KLAP). Retrieved November 1, 2016, from https://megaslides.com/doc/3287914/draft-kuala-lumpur-action-plan--klap
Asian Development Bank [ADB] (2014). Green city action plan: A framework for GrEEEn actions Melaka, Malaysia. Retrieved on January 7, 2017, from ttps://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/related/41571/imt-gt-green-city-action-plan-melaka-april-2014 .pdf
Asian Disaster Reduction Centre [ADRC] (2016). National Security Council Directive no. 20. The policy and mechanism on national disaster and relief management. Retrieved November 1, 2016, from http://www.adrc.asia/management/MYS/Directives_National_Security_Counci l.html?Fr
Aisyah Abu Bakar, Mariana Mohamed Osman, Syahriah Bachok, & Mansor Ibrahim (2014). Analysis on community involvement level in intangible cultural heritage: Malacca cultural community. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153, 286-297.
Cohen, B. (2011). Global ranking of top 10 resilient cities. Retrieved January 10, 2017 from http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/06/top-10-globally-resilient-cities/
Bosher, L., Dainty, A., Carrillo, P., Glass, J., & Price, A. (2008). A proactive multi -stakeholder approach to attaining resilience in the UK Building. IRec 2008.
Bull-Kamanga, L., Diagne, K., Lavell A., Lerise, F., MacGregor, H., ...& Yitambe, A. (2003). Urban development and the accumulation of disaster risk and other life-threatening risks in Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 15(1), 193-204.
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters [CRED] (2016). EM-DAT, the International Disaster Database. Retrieved on October 30, 2016, from http://www.emdat.be/
Economic Planning Unit [EPU] (2006). Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan. Retrieved 31 October, 2016, from http://www.epu.gov.my/en/rmk/ninth-malaysia-plan-2006-2010
Economic Planning Unit [EPU] (2016). Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas. Retrieved 31 October, 2016, from http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/index.php/bm/kertas-strategi
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., ... & Snyder, P. K. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science, 309, 570-574.
Goh, M. L., Tan, S. H., Lam, M. S., & Yeo, S. F. (2012). A preliminary study of perception and impact of tourism development in Malacca, Malaysia. Journal of Digital Marketing, 3(1), 39-54.
Hezri, A. A., & Hasan, M. N. (2006). Towards sustainable development? The evolution of environmental policy in Malaysia. Natural Resources Forum, 30, 37-50.
Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23.
Hughes, T. P., Bellwood, D. R., Folke, C., Steneck, R. S., & Wilson, J. (2005). New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20(7), 380-386.
Ismail, H., & Baum, T. (2006). Urban tourism in developing countries: In the case of Melaka (Malacca) City, Malaysia. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2), 211-223.
Jha, A., & Brecht, H. (2011). An eye on East Asia and Pacific. Building Urban Resilience in East Asia, Issue 8. Washington DC: World Bank.
Kates, R. W., Clark, W. C., Corell, R., Hall, J. M., Jaeger, C. C., ... & Svedin, U. (2001). Sustainability science. Science, 292, 641-642.
Lavell, A., Wisner, B., Cannon, T., & Pelling, M. (2003). The vulnerability of cities: Natural disasters and social resilience. London: Earthscan.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia. (2009). National policy on climate change. Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.nre.gov.my/ms-my/PustakaMedia/Penerbitan/Dasar%20Perubahan %20Iklim%20Negara.pdf
Mitchell, D., Enemark, S., & Molen, P. V. D. (2015). Climate resilience urban development: Why responsible land governance is important. Land Use Policy, 48:190-198
Muthusamy, S. (2007). Incorporating climate change in national economic development. In J. J. Pereira, J.J. & M. Subramaniam (Eds.). Rapporteurs Report for the National Seminar on Socio Economic Impacts of Extreme Weather and Climate Change (pp. 36). June 21-22, 2006, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Pereira, J. J., & Tan, C. T. (2008, February). Initial findings of the Policy Study on Climate Change (NRE-RMK9). International Seminar on Climate Variability, Change and Extreme Weather Events. February 26-27, 2008, Bangi, Malaysia.
Perrings, C. A., Maler, K.-G., Folke, C., Holling, C. S., & Jansson, B.-O. (1995). Biodiversity conservation: Problems and policies. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., & Grove, J. M. (2004). Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69, 369-384.
Syakir Amir Abdul Rahman, Mariana Mohamed Osman, Syahriah Bachok, & Mansor Ibrahim (2014). Understanding tourists' profile and preference of tourists' destination choice: A case study in Melaka World Heritage City. Planning Malaysia, 12(3), 81-94.
Syakir Amir Abdul Rahman, Mariana Mohamed Osman, Syariah Bachok, & Mansor Ibrahim (2017). Socio- demographic variation on tourism expenditure in Melaka UNESCO World Heritage Area. Advanced Science Letters, 23(4), 2958-2961.
United Nation Office for Disaster Risk Reduction [UNISDR] (2012). How to make cities more resilient: A handbook for local government leaders. UNISDR.
United Nation Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2011). Press release: Malaysia commits to maintain safety of cities, schools and hospitals in lead-up to 2011 Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved October 30, 2016, from http://www.unisdr.org/files/18058_brf20110219fin.pdf
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2005). Retrieved October 31, 2016, from http://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/home/about
United Nation (2013). Towards sustainable cities. Retrieved on May 3, 2016, from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_current/wess2013/C hapter3.pdf
World Economic Forum (2015). Global Risks 2015. Retrieved on 4 April, 2016 from www.weforum.org/risks.
World Economic Forum (2016). Global Risks 2016. Retrieved on 26 December, 2016 from www.weforum.org
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.
