THE INFLUENCE OF CAMPUS BUILT ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS ON WALKING BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

Authors

  • Yaqian Wang School of Housing, Building and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
  • Nor Fadzila Aziz School of Housing, Building and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
  • Heng Cui School of Housing, Building and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v23i36.1746

Keywords:

Campus Built Environment, Walking Behavior, College Student, Health

Abstract

College students' sedentary and inactive lifestyles often lead to health issues like obesity and depression. The campus-built environment is crucial for encouraging college students' walking behavior, directly impacting their physical and mental health. However, it is unclear to what extent the campus-built environment characteristics contribute to college students' walking behavior. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of campus-built environment characteristics on college students' walking behaviour. Utilizing the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), this study collected data from 687 students at two universities in China through a questionnaire survey and analysed the data using multiple regression techniques. The results show that land use diversity, accessibility, and infrastructure significantly influence walking behavior, totally explaining 26.3% of the variance. These findings highlight the importance of a walkable campus environment in promoting college students' walking behaviour, which is beneficial to their physical and mental health. Consequently, this study provides empirical evidence on specific built environment characteristics that encourage walking, serving as a valuable resource for future campus planning and health-promotion policy development.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Afsar, B., Mohd Yunos, M. Y., Othuman Mydin, M. A., & Mohd Yusof, M. J. (2015). Perceived Pedestrian Environment Functional Factors which are Associated with Walking in Tropical University Campus. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 747, 161–164. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.161

Alfonzo, M. A. (2005). To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs. Environment and Behavior, 37(6), 808–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504274016

Bang, K. S., Lee, I., Kim, S., Lim, C. S., Joh, H. K., Park, B. J., & Song, M. K. (2017). The effects of a campus Forest-Walking program on undergraduate and graduate students’ physical and psychological health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070728

Bornioli, A., Parkhurst, G., & Morgan, P. L. (2019). Affective experiences of built environments and the promotion of urban walking. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 123(January), 200–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.12.006

Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., & Sallis, J. F. (2009). Cross-validation of the factorial structure of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) and its abbreviated form (NEWS-A). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-32

Cerin, E., Macfarlane, D. J., Ko, H. H., & Chan, K. C. A. (2007). Measuring perceived neighbourhood walkability in Hong Kong. Cities, 24(3), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2006.12.002

Cerin, E., Sit, C. H. P., Cheung, M. chin, Ho, S. yin, Lee, L. chun J., & Chan, W. man. (2010). Reliable and valid NEWS for Chinese seniors: Measuring perceived neighborhood attributes related to walking. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-84

Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199–219.

Chaudhry, U. A. R., Wahlich, C., Fortescue, R., Cook, D. G., Knightly, R., & Harris, T. (2020). The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based randomised controlled trials in adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17, 1–16.

Clemente, F. M., Nikolaidis, P. T., Martins, F. M. L., & Mendes, R. S. (2016). Physical activity patterns in university students: Do they follow the public health guidelines? PloS One, 11(3), e0152516.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Deforche, B., Van Dyck, D., Verloigne, M., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2010). Perceived social and physical environmental correlates of physical activity in older adolescents and the moderating effect of self-efficacy. Preventive Medicine, 50(SUPPL.), S24–S29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.08.017

Ding, D., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., Cain, K. L., & Slymen, D. J. (2012). Interactive effects of built environment and psychosocial attributes on physical activity: A test of ecological models. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9394-1

Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B., & Knuiman, M. (2010). Neighbourhood design and fear of crime: A social-ecological examination of the correlates of residents’ fear in new suburban housing developments. Health and Place, 16(6), 1156–1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.07.007

García-Hermoso, A., Quintero, A. P., Hernández, E., Correa-Bautista, J. E., Izquierdo, M., Tordecilla-Sanders, A., Prieto-Benavides, D., Sandoval-Cuellar, C., González-Ruíz, K., & Villa-González, E. (2018). Active commuting to and from university, obesity and metabolic syndrome among Colombian university students. BMC Public Health, 18, 1–7.

Haase, A., Steptoe, A., Sallis, J. F., & Wardle, J. (2004). Leisure-time physical activity in university students from 23 countries: Associations with health beliefs, risk awareness, and national economic development. Preventive Medicine, 39(1), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.028

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis seventh (7th) edition. Pearson New International Edition. Pearson.

Hajrasouliha, A. H. (2017). Master-planning the American campus: Goals, actions, and design strategies. Urban Design International, 22, 363–381.

Hargens, T. A., Scott, M. C., Olijar, V., Bigman, M., & Edwards, E. S. (2021). Markers of poor sleep quality increase sedentary behavior in college students as derived from accelerometry. Sleep and Breathing, 25, 537–544.

Harun, N. Z., & Nashar, A. (2017). Developing a framework for streetscape design to promote walkability in Malaysian campus. Advanced Science Letters, 23(4), 2761–2765. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.7616

Haskell, W. L., Lee, I.-M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., Macera, C. A., Heath, G. W., Thompson, P. D., & Bauman, A. (2007). Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1081.

Horacek, T. M., Dede Yildirim, E., Kattelmann, K., Brown, O., Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Colby, S., Greene, G., Hoerr, S., Kidd, T., & Koenings, M. M. (2018). Path analysis of campus walkability/bikeability and college students’ physical activity attitudes, behaviors, and body mass index. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(3), 578–586.

Horacek, T. M., Dede Yildirim, E., Kattelmann, K., Brown, O., Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Colby, S., Greene, G., Hoerr, S., Kidd, T., Koenings, M. M., Morrell, J., Olfert, M. D., Phillips, B., Shelnutt, K., & White, A. (2018). Path Analysis of Campus Walkability/Bikeability and College Students’ Physical Activity Attitudes, Behaviors, and Body Mass Index. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(3), 578–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116666357

Horacek, T. M., White, A. A., Greene, G. W., Reznar, M. M., Quick, V. M., Morrell, J. S., Colby, S. M., Kattelmann, K. K., Herrick, M. S., & Shelnutt, K. P. (2012). Sneakers and spokes: An assessment of the walkability and bikeability of US postsecondary institutions. Journal of Environmental Health, 74(7), 8–15.

Keat, L. K., Yaacob, N. M., & Hashim, N. R. (2016). Campus walkability in Malaysian public universities: A case-study of universiti malaya. Planning Malaysia, 5, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.21837/pmjournal.v14.i5.196

Kesaniemi, Y. A., Danforth, E., Jensen, M. D., Kopelman, P. G., Lefèbvre, P., & Reeder, B. A. (2001). Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(6), S351–S358.

Kim, H., & Yang, S. (2017). Neighborhood walking and social capital: The correlation between walking experience and individual perception of social capital. Sustainability, 9(5), 680.

King, S. B., Kaczynski, A. T., Knight Wilt, J., & Stowe, E. W. (2020). Walkability 101: A Multi-Method Assessment of the Walkability at a University Campus. SAGE Open, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020917954

Koo, B. W., Guhathakurta, S., & Botchwey, N. (2022). How are neighborhood and street-level walkability factors associated with walking behaviors? A big data approach using street view images. Environment and Behavior, 54(1), 211–241.

Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.

Lee, D. K. (2020). Data transformation: a focus on the interpretation. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 73(6), 503–508.

Lee, J., & Shepley, M. M. (2020). College campuses and student walkability: Assessing the impact of smartphone use on student perception and evaluation of urban campus routes. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(23), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239986

Liao, B., Xu, Y., Li, X., & Li, J. (2022). Association between Campus Walkability and Affective Walking Experience, and the Mediating Role of Walking Attitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114519

Liu, J., Ettema, D., & Helbich, M. (2023). Street view environments are associated with the walking duration of pedestrians: The case of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Landscape and Urban Planning, 235, 104752.

Liu, M., Zhao, S., & Li, J. (2022). Associations among perceived built environment, attitudes, walking behavior, and physical and mental state of college students during COVID-19. Travel Behaviour and Society, 28(2), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.04.003

Liu, W., Yuan, Q., Zeng, N., McDonough, D. J., Tao, K., Peng, Q., & Gao, Z. (2021). Relationships between college students’ sedentary behavior, sleep quality, and body mass index. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3946.

McTiernan, A., Friedenreich, C. M., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Powell, K. E., Macko, R., Buchner, D., Pescatello, L. S., Bloodgood, B., Tennant, B., & Vaux-Bjerke, A. (2019). Physical activity in cancer prevention and survival: a systematic review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(6), 1252.

Mihailova, A., & Kaminska, I. (2016). Lung volumes related to physical activity, physical fitness, aerobic capacity and body mass index in students. SHS Web of Conferences, 30, 17.

Molina-García, J., Menescardi, C., Estevan, I., Martínez-Bello, V., & Queralt, A. (2019). Neighborhood built environment and socioeconomic status are associated with active commuting and sedentary behavior, but not with leisure-time physical activity, in university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173176

Mu, T., & Lao, Y. (2022). A Study on the Walkability of Zijingang East Campus of Zhejiang University: Based on Network Distance Walk Score. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(17), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711108

Oke, J., Akinkunmi, W. B., & Etebefia, S. O. (2019). Use of correlation, tolerance and variance inflation factor for multicollinearity test. GSJ, 7(5), 652–659.

Peachey, A. A., & Baller, S. L. (2015). Perceived built environment characteristics of on-campus and off-campus neighborhoods associated with physical activity of college students. Journal of American College Health, 63(5), 337–342.

Pfisterer, J., Rausch, C., Wohlfarth, D., Bachert, P., Jekauc, D., & Wunsch, K. (2022). Effectiveness of Physical-Activity-Based Interventions Targeting Overweight and Obesity among University Students—A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9427.

Ramakreshnan, L., Fong, C. S., Sulaiman, N. M., & Aghamohammadi, N. (2020). Motivations and built environment factors associated with campus walkability in the tropical settings. Science of the Total Environment, 749, 141457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141457

Raswol, L. M. (2020). Qualitative Assessment for Walkability: Duhok University Campus as a Case Study. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 978(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/978/1/012001

Sabra, A. A., Taha, A. Z., Al-Sebiany, A. M., Al-Kurashi, N. Y., & Al-Zubier, A. G. (2007). Coronary heart disease risk factors: prevalence and behavior among male university students in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 82(1–2), 21–42.

Sacks, E., Schleiff, M., Were, M., Chowdhury, A. M., & Perry, H. B. (2020). Communities, universal health coverage and primary health care. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(11), 773–780. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.252445

Simonson, S., Glick, S., & Ellen C. Nobe, M. (2013). Accessibility at a public university: student’s perceptions. Journal of Facilities Management, 11(3), 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-06-2012-0025

Siqueira, G. D., Adeel, A., Pasha, P., Balushi, A. A., & Shah, S. A. (2021). Sustainable Transportation and Policy Development: A Study for Impact Analysis of Mobility Patterns and Neighborhood Assessment of Walking Behavior. In Sustainability (Vol. 13, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041871

Soares, I., Venhorst, V., Weitkamp, G., & Yamu, C. (2022). The impact of the built environment on creativity in public spaces of Dutch university campuses and science parks. Journal of Urban Design, 27(1), 91–109.

Sun, C., Cheng, J., Lin, A., & Peng, M. (2018). Gated university campus and its implications for socio-spatial inequality: Evidence from students’ accessibility to local public transport. Habitat International, 80, 11–27.

Teuber, M., & Sudeck, G. (2021). Why do students walk or cycle for transportation? Perceived study environment and psychological determinants as predictors of active transportation by university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1390.

Van Holle, V., Van Cauwenberg, J., Deforche, B., Van de Weghe, N., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Van Dyck, D. (2015). Do psychosocial factors moderate the association between objective neighborhood walkability and older adults’ physical activity? Health and Place, 34, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.004

Wang Mohan. (2019). A study of strategies for designing campus environments in cold-weather universities based on physical activity promotion. Harbin Institute of Technology.

Yanyan Wang, Xiao Jialin, Wang Li, & Wang Zhenkang. (2023). The Path of Students’ Physical Education and Healthy Behavior in the Perspective of Healthy Cities--An Yang City College Students as an Example. Contemporary Sports Technology, 13(22), 58–62.

Zhang, Z., Fisher, T., & Wang, H. (2024). Campus environmental quality and streetscape features related to walking activity. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 23(1), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2220780

Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Pang, L., Fisher, T., & Yang, S. (2023). Comparisons of Built Environment Correlates of Walking in Urban and Suburban Campuses: A Case Study of Tianjin, China. Land, 12(11), 1972.

ZHOU, C. (2019). Effects of fitness walking and jogging on weight loss of overweight and obese college students. Chinese Journal of School Health, 213–215.

Downloads

Published

2025-07-18

How to Cite

Wang, Y., Aziz, N. F., & Cui, H. (2025). THE INFLUENCE OF CAMPUS BUILT ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS ON WALKING BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. PLANNING MALAYSIA, 23(37). https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v23i36.1746

Most read articles by the same author(s)