MEASURING RESIDENTS' INTENTION TO ENERGY RETROFIT EXISTING RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v23i36.1709Keywords:
Residential Building Energy Retrofit, Retrofit Intention, Scale Development, Intention Survey, ValidationAbstract
Residential building energy retrofitting (RBER) is essential for enhancing energy efficiency in homes. The intention of residents to undertake energy retrofits has increasingly attracted the attention of governments and construction firms. This study develops and tests a multidimensional Residential Building Energy Retrofit Intention Scale (RBERIS) to identify the critical dimensions influencing residents' intentions to adopt energy retrofit technologies for improving the energy efficiency of their existing homes. Drawing on literature related to scale development and measurement theory, we created a 22-item, 4-dimensional scale encompassing retrofit motivation, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control, supported by evidence of unidimensionality (all factor loadings >0.5) and reliability (Cronbach's α >0.7). The RBERIS reliably and effectively assesses residents' intentions to undertake RBER, assisting building energy retrofit companies and promoters in formulating development strategies and offering new insights into understanding these behavioural intentions. Future research directions are also discussed.
Downloads
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Alam, S. S., Nik Hashim, N. H., Rashid, M., Omar, N. A., Ahsan, N., & Ismail, M. D. (2014). Small-scale households renewable energy usage intention: Theoretical development and empirical settings. Renewable Energy, 68, 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.010
Bakaloglou, S., & Belaïd, F. (2022). The Role of Uncertainty in Shaping Individual Preferences for Residential Energy Renovation Decisions. The Energy Journal, 43(4). https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.43.4.sbak DOI: https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.43.4.sbak
Baumhof, R., Decker, T., Röder, H., & Menrad, K. (2018). Which factors determine the extent of house owners’ energy-related refurbishment projects? A Motivation-Opportunity-Ability Approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.025
Bjørneboe, M. G., Svendsen, S., & Heller, A. (2018). Initiatives for the energy renovation of single-family houses in Denmark evaluated on the basis of barriers and motivators. Energy and Buildings, 167, 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.11.065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.11.065
Broers, W. M. H., Vasseur, V., Kemp, R., Abujidi, N., & Vroon, Z. A. E. P. (2019). Decided or divided? An empirical analysis of the decision-making process of Dutch homeowners for energy renovation measures. Energy Research & Social Science, 58, 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101284
Churchill, G. A. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600110
Conradie, P., Martens, E., Van Hove, S., Van Acker, B., & Ponnet, K. (2023). Applying an Extended Model of Theory of Planned Behaviour to Predict Intent to Perform an Energy Efficiency Renovation in Flanders. Energy and Buildings, 298, 113532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113532 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113532
Ebrahimigharehbaghi, S., Qian, Q. K., de Vries, G., & Visscher, H. J. (2022). Identification of the behavioural factors in the decision-making processes of the energy efficiency renovations: Dutch homeowners. Building Research & Information, 50(4), 369–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1929808 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1929808
Egner, L. E., Klöckner, C. A., & Pellegrini-Masini, G. (2021). Low free-riding at the cost of subsidizing the rich. Replicating Swiss energy retrofit subsidy findings in Norway. Energy and Buildings, 253, 111542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111542
Fernandez-Luzuriaga, J., Flores-Abascal, I., del Portillo-Valdes, L., Mariel, P., & Hoyos, D. (2022). Accounting for homeowners’ decisions to insulate: A discrete choice model approach in Spain. Energy and Buildings, 273, 112417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112417
Gillingham, K. T., Huang, P., Buehler, C., Peccia, J., & Gentner, D. R. (2021). The climate and health benefits from intensive building energy efficiency improvements. Science Advances, 7(34), eabg0947. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg0947 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg0947
Goh, K. C., Kong, J. W., Chai, C., & Lee, C. K. (2024). EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF SOLAR POWER FOR RESIDENTIAL USE IN MALAYSIA: INSIGHTS FROM SOLAR COMPANIES AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES. PLANNING MALAYSIA, 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v22i32.1522
Gonzalez-Franco, M., & Peck, T. C. (2018). Avatar Embodiment. Towards a Standardized Questionnaire. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.00074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.00074
Hamzah, F. M., Sulaiman, M. K. A. M., Harun, Z., Kamari, A., & Abd Manaf, M. Z. (2023). ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC WORTH OF GREEN ROOF: A CASE STUDY IN PUTRAJAYA. PLANNING MALAYSIA, 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i27.1301
He, Q., Zhao, H., Shen, L., Dong, L., Cheng, Y., & Xu, K. (2019). Factors Influencing Residents’ Intention toward Green Retrofitting of Existing Residential Buildings. Sustainability, 11(15), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154246
Huang, C., Ma, J., & Song, K. (2021). Homeowners’ Willingness to Make Investment in Energy Efficiency Retrofit of Residential Buildings in China and Its Influencing Factors. Energies, 14(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051260
Irfan, M., Elavarasan, R. M., Hao, Y., Feng, M., & Sailan, D. (2021). An assessment of consumers’ willingness to utilize solar energy in China: End-users’ perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 292, 126008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126008
Jenn, N. C. (2006). Designing A Questionnaire. Malaysian Family Physician : The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 1(1), 32–35.
Jia, L., Qian, Q. K., Meijer, F., & Visscher, H. (2021). How information stimulates homeowners’ cooperation in residential building energy retrofits in China. Energy Policy, 157, 112504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112504
Kastner, I., & Stern, P. C. (2015). Examining the decision-making processes behind household energy investments: A review. Energy Research & Social Science, 10, 72–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.07.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.07.008
Klöckner, C. A., & Nayum, A. (2016). Specific Barriers and Drivers in Different Stages of Decision-Making about Energy Efficiency Upgrades in Private Homes. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01362
Klöckner, C. A., & Nayum, A. (2017). Psychological and structural facilitators and barriers to energy upgrades of the privately owned building stock. Energy, 140, 1005–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.016
Li, H., Shuying, F., Skitmore, M., & Talebian, N. (2022). Willingness-to-pay for energy-saving retrofits of residential buildings and its influencing factors: The case of the Pearl River Delta, China. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17582
Liu, S., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., & He, J. (2023). How does future climatic uncertainty affect multi-objective building energy retrofit decisions? Evidence from residential buildings in subtropical Hong Kong. Sustainable Cities and Society, 92, 104482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104482
Lu, L., Cai, R., & Gursoy, D. (2019). Developing and validating a service robot integration willingness scale. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 80, 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.01.005
Marikyan, D., Papagiannidis, S., Rana, O. F., & Ranjan, R. (2022). Blockchain adoption: A study of cognitive factors underpinning decision making. Computers in Human Behavior, 131, 107207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107207
Michelsen, C. C., & Madlener, R. (2010). Integrated theoretical framework for a homeowner’s decision in favor of an innovative residential heating system. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1620520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1620520
Miller, W., Liu, L. A., Amin, Z., & Gray, M. (2018). Involving occupants in net-zero-energy solar housing retrofits: An Australian sub-tropical case study. Solar Energy, 159, 390–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.008
Mishra, R., Singh, R. K., & Govindan, K. (2022). Barriers to the adoption of circular economy practices in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: Instrument development, measurement and validation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 351, 131389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131389
Papadas, K.-K., Avlonitis, G. J., & Carrigan, M. (2017). Green marketing orientation: Conceptualization, scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research, 80, 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.024
Scott, F. L., Jones, C. R., & Webb, T. L. (2014). What do people living in deprived communities in the UK think about household energy efficiency interventions? Energy Policy, 66, 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.084
Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
Stieß, I., & Dunkelberg, E. (2013). Objectives, barriers and occasions for energy efficient refurbishment by private homeowners. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.041
Stieß, I., Zundel, S., & Deffner, J. (2009). Making the home consume less–putting energy efficiency on the refurbishment agenda. Conference Proceedings: ECEEE Summer Studies.
Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Tan, Y., Ying, X., Gao, W., Wang, S., & Liu, Z. (2023). Applying an extended theory of planned behavior to predict willingness to pay for green and low-carbon energy transition. Journal of Cleaner Production, 387, 135893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135893 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.135893
Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2014). How to Measure Motivation: A Guide for the Experimental Social Psychologist. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(7), 328–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12110
Vasseur, V., Marique, A.-F., & Udalov, V. (2019). A Conceptual Framework to Understand Households’ Energy Consumption. Energies, 12(22), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224250 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224250
Wilson, C., Pettifor, H., & Chryssochoidis, G. (2018). Quantitative modelling of why and how homeowners decide to renovate energy efficiently. Applied Energy, 212, 1333–1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.099
Xiao, S., Li, L., Ma, J., Liu, D., & Li, J. (2023). A study of residents’ intentions to participate in the renovation of older communities under the perspective of urban renewal: Evidence from Zhangjiakou, China. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 22(3), 1094–1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2182643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2182643
Yu, S., Abbas, J., Álvarez-Otero, S., & Cherian, J. (2022). Green knowledge management: Scale development and validation. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(4), 100244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100244
Zawawi, N. H., Asmawi, M. Z., & Zen, I. S. (2024). THE PERFORMANCE OF KUALA LUMPUR’S CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF URBAN PLANNING. PLANNING MALAYSIA, 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v22i30.1444
Zhang, H., Hewage, K., Karunathilake, H., Feng, H., & Sadiq, R. (2021). Research on policy strategies for implementing energy retrofits in the residential buildings. Journal of Building Engineering, 43, 103161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103161
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.
